Rethinking Innovation for a Sustainable Ocean Economy by OECD

Author:OECD
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: environment/industry/science
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Published: 2019-02-14T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

← 1. Advances in other technologies, e.g. drone technology, could also contribute to reduced inspection costs.

← 2. Significant moves are also being made in bringing salmon farming onshore with the help of advances in such techniques as land-based Recycling Aquaculture Systems. These technologies are not addressed in this report since its focus is specifically on production in the marine environment.

← 3. Much of the current evidence suggests that under a number of climate change scenarios, harmful algal bloom incidents may increase. However, more research into the link between climate change and harmful algae is required. See for example (United States Environmental Portection Agency, 2013[174]).

← 4. It is worth noting that genetically modified salmon is already on the marketplace and is being presented as one of the solutions needed to make land-based salmon farming profitable (e.g. AquaBounty’s AquaAdvantage salmon, where a Chinook growth hormone gene has been integrated into the genome of an Atlantic salmon).

← 5. In South America, infectious salmon amenia cut the salmon harvest in Chile by 60% between 2008 and 2010. Chile was also at the centre of massive outbreaks of sea lice in 2007 which caused economic losses in the order of USD 2 billion (Ottinger, Clauss and Kuenzer, 2016[106]). In Europe, too, sea lice is proving a persistent challenge – for example, in 2011 they are estimated to have caused production losses of around USD 436 million, equivalent to 9% of total revenues of Norwegian fish farmers (Abolofia, Asche and Wilen, 2017[171]). In Asia, among the most potent diseases are the Whitespot Syndrome Virus and the Yellowhead Virus, which have triggered crop losses in shrimp farming running into millions of USD – in the mid-1990s the Whitespot Syndrome Virus was responsible for losses in Bangladesh of almost 45% of total shrimp production. Other cases of catastrophic disease outbreaks have been reported from Thailand, Vietnam, Peru, Nicaragua and Taiwan (Ottinger, Clauss and Kuenzer, 2016[106]). Climate change is set to complicate matters yet further. In Northern European waters, for example, rising ocean temperatures over the longer term are likely to lead to changes in the panorama of diseases affecting finfish, rendering them less vulnerable to some harmful viruses and bacteria but more vulnerable to others. In the case of sea lice, warmer water is likely to lead to increased infestations of the parasite (Bergh et al., 2017[170])

← 6. Initially, wild cleaner fish were used, but the resultant growing pressure on wild stocks of the species plus the overriding need to deal with recurring sea lice outbreaks led the salmon farming community to take action by developing cleaner-fish aquaculture. Whereas in 2012 farmed cleaner fish accounted for only a minute fraction of total wrasse and lumpfish use, the share had grown to 44% by 2016 (Norwegian Directorate for Fisheries). Over the same period the number of companies licensed to sell farmed cleaner fish rose from 5 to 24, and the value of those sales from NOK 7 million (about EUR 1 million) to NOK 304 million (about EUR 33 million).

Download

Copyright Disclaimer:
This site does not store any files on its server. We only index and link to content provided by other sites. Please contact the content providers to delete copyright contents if any and email us, we'll remove relevant links or contents immediately.